I hope all of you had a wonderfully pleasant summer. At this time, I would like to take just a few moments to welcome you back to the 2011-2012 academic school year. As the school year begins, so do new duties and responsibilities. This web site is designed to aid parents with the opportunity to keep track of daily homework assignments and other relevant school information. Please note that it is each students responsibility to write the daily homework assignments in their agenda, and each parents responsibility to check their childs agenda for assignments. With this in mind, it is also important to remember that this site is subject to change, and may not contain last minute additions or deletions of classroom or homework assignments.
In addition, the Accelerated Reader Program will commence on Monday. Students may borrow any of the books on the list provided from the school library. Upon completion of the book, students will be allowed to take the computerized test for that particular book on our classroom computer. Depending on how well they score on the test, each student will be awarded points. In addition to the points, a student must acheive an overall success rate of 85 percent. Furthermore, students need to notify me when they are ready to take the test. If you should have any questions pertaining to any of the above listed information please feel free to speak to me before or after class.
Sunnis: believed that the Umayyad dynasty should rule
Timbuktu: was a West African center of Muslim learning
navigation: Arab skill specifically mentioned in the Koran
Abu Bakr: the first caliph to take over after Muhammad’s death
Indonesia: this modern country has the largest Muslim population
lateen sail: this Arab invention made Portuguese ventures possible
social groups: in Muslim society, were based on power and wealth
stern rudder: this Arab invention made any ship more maneuverable
Persia: was the farthest east that Islam reached under the first four caliphs
first four caliphs: were rulers who had a personal connection to Muhammad
Great Britain: took control of most of India after the Mogul Empire collapsed
Sufis: were similar to Christian missionaries, and spread the teachings of Islam
Ibn Sina: Persian doctor who showed how diseases spread from person to person
Suleiman I: this famous sultan of the Ottoman Empire was a man of many talents
crier: a person or announcer who calls Muslim believers to prayer five times a day
Akbar: was the great Mogul ruler that brought peace and order to his territory in India
minaret: the towers of a mosque from which an announcer calls Muslim believers to prayer
Taj Mahal: a beautiful Muslim tomb built by the Mogul ruler Shah Jahan for his wife in Agra, India
Sunnis and Shiites: are the two groups that the Muslim world split into after Muhammad’s death
Muslim traders: were successful because they spread the Arabic language and provided merchants with coins
caliph: an important Muslim political and religious leader who is considered as a successor to the Messenger of God
Omar Khayyam: was a mathematician, astronomer and philosopher, but is best known as the poet who wrote the Rubaiyat
sultan: this word means “holder of power” and refers to a military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country
al-Razi: was the best-known Muslim chemist who developed a system for categorizing substances as animal, mineral, or vegetable
Shiites: are people who believe that Ali’s descendants should rule Islam after Muhammad’s death and therefore the Umayyads should not be in power
Ottoman Empire: was one of the largest and most powerful Muslim empires - began in Turkey and allowed religious freedom --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(7TH GRADE AREAS OF CONCERN)
CHAPTER 11 SEC 2 AND 3
Sequoya: invented the Cherokee alphabet
relocation: the act of moving to a new place
veto: to reject a bill and prevent it from becoming a law
Black Hawk: Indian Chief that led the Sauk and Fox warriors
Panic of 1837: a time when banks failed and land values dropped
charter: a government permit to operate the Bank of the United States
depression: a period of low economic activity and widespread unemployment
log cabin: the Whig party adopted this symbol during the election of 1840
Winfield Scott: along with federal troops, led the Cherokee west on the Trail of Tears
“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”: was the Whig campaign slogan for the election of 1840
President Van Buren’s: belief in the principle of laissez-faire prolonged the depression
guerilla tactics: making surprise attacks and then retreating back into the forests and swamps
Indian Territory: was created by Congress in 1834 for Native Americans from the Southeast
John Tyler: first vice president to become president because the elected president died in office
Nicholas Biddle: came from a wealthy family and was the president of the Bank of the United States
Trail of Tears: the forced journey known to the Cherokee people as the “Trail Where They Cried”
Five Civilized Tribes: were made up of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw
laissez-faire: the policy that the government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy
Osceola: Seminole leader who led a rebellion and went to war with the United States in an effort to keep his nation’s land
Major Francis Dade: this military commander was ambushed by Seminole Indians and only had 110 of his soldiers survive the attack
lighthorsemen: this police force or law enforcement unit was developed by the Five Civilized Tribes to maintain the safety of the region
Oklahoma: this present-day state was the area called “Indian Territory” that was ceded to the Native Americans after their forced migration
Indian Removal Act: act passed by Congress in order to relocate Native Americans - allowed the federal government to pay Native Americans to move west
Andrew Jackson: opposed the Bank of the United States because he felt ordinary citizens had no control over it - disagreed with the decision in the Supreme Court case of Worcester v. Georgia
Bank of the United States: was chartered by Congress - was used by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster to try to defeat Andrew Jackson in the election - was run by private bankers
Seminole Indians: joined forces with a group of African Americans - this Native American group of people was forcibly removed from their native land in Florida - were the only Native Americans who successfully resisted their removal
Worcester v. Georgia: Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Georgia had no right to interfere with the Cherokee
YMCA: this organization tried to help industrial workers and the urban poor by organizing Bible studies, prayer meetings, citizenship training, and group activities
baseball: this popular sport in the United States required players to run around bases
philanthropy: is defined as providing money to support humanitarian or social goals
Lester Frank Ward: argued in his book Dynamic Sociology that government could regulate the economy, cure poverty, and promote education much more efficiently than could competition in the marketplace
Reform Darwinism: the idea that people succeed in the world not because of their ability to compete, but because of their ability to cooperate
Mark Twain: wrote the first truly American novel called The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Dwight L. Moody: this revivalist believed that the way to help the poor was by redeeming their souls and reforming their character
Andrew Carnegie: believed that those who profited from society owed it something in return
Coney Island: an amusement park in New York that working-class families or single adults who sought excitement could visit
Americanization: the process by which someone becomes knowledgeable about American culture and acquires American traits and characteristics
Cincinnati Red Stockings: was the first salaried professional baseball team established
Edith Wharton: won the Pulitzer Prize for the novel The Age of Innocence, a stark portrait of upper-class New York society in the 1870s
Ragtime: this music was popular in the 1800s, and featured syncopated rhythms that grew out of the music of honky-tonks, saloon pianists, and banjo players
Samuel Clemens: was Mark Twain’s real name
vaudeville: adapted from French theater, this form of entertainment in the early 1880s was a hodgepodge of animal acts, acrobats, gymnasts, and dancers
Scott Joplin: was one of the most important African American ragtime composers and was known as the King of Ragtime
settlement houses: were established in poor neighborhoods so that the middle-class residents could live there and help the poor residents
public schools: were often crucial to the Americanization of immigrant children
Booker T. Washington: was the founder of the Tuskegee Institute
immigrant parents: sometimes worried that Americanization would make their children forget their own cultural traditions
private women’s colleges: on the campuses of Harvard and Columbia Universities served to increase the number of women attending college
Gospel of Wealth: the philosophy that wealthy Americans bore the responsibility of using their great fortunes to further social progress
saloons: functioned like community centers and political centers for male workers
individualism: the belief that no matter how humble someone’s origins were, a person could rise in society, and go as far as their talents and commitment will take them
naturalism: this idea or philosophy stated that some people failed in life simply because they were caught up in circumstances they could not control
Salvation Army: this organization offered practical aid and religious counseling to the urban poor
Social Darwinism: this theory, which states that society progressed because only the fittest people survived, was developed when philosopher Herbert Spencer applied Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection to human society
realism: a new movement in art and literature that moved away from romanticism
popular culture: changed in the late 1800s because industrialization improved the standard of living for many people, enabling them to spend money on entertainment and recreation
Social Gospel movement: reformers from this movement worked to better conditions in cities according to the biblical ideals of charity and peace
socialism: the belief that business should be publicly owned and run by the government
Charles Darwin: developed the theory of evolution and natural selection - authored a book entitled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection